Modern life leads to a more active nocturnal lifestyle, reduced sleep hours and sometimes abrupt shifts across time zones (such as jet lag and shift work) that generate chronodisruption (CD) which can result in premature ageing. CD is defined as a significant disturbance of the internal temporal order of biochemical, physiological and behavioural circadian rhythms. Epidemiological studies show that CD induced by shift work, chronic jet lag, social jet lag and excessive exposure of bright light at night is associated with an increased incidence of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, cognitive and affective impairment, sleep disorders, some cancers and premature ageing. CD may be the result of disturbances in different components of the circadian system (central pacemaker and peripheral oscillators, inputs to central clock, mainly due to visual deficiencies, and output signals from the pacemaker and oscillators). Exposure to different synchronizers (light, meal times, physical and social activities) with a regular pattern results in a chronoenhacement that can prevent age-related CD.
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