PAMAM dendrimer-induced aggregation of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein.

The binding of the fluorescent polyanionic probe 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF) to various generations of dendrimers (G3-G7) was studied in buffered aqueous media by absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy and by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Absorbance, fluorescence, and fluorescence anisotropy data were collected concurrently by using a multiwell plate format. Because ITC does not depend on the presence of a chromophore/fluorophore for measurement, it allowed the exploration of concentration ratios otherwise unattainable in the spectroscopy experiments. Qualitative dendrimer generational trends were observed and found to be consistent with dendrimer size and charge. However, a number of significant anomalies were found in the spectroscopic titration profiles, which led us to propose a binding model comprising multiple, concurrent binding regimes. The predictive value of the model was ascertained by construction of a binding simulation, which was consistent with the experimental results. Finally, ITC results afforded insights into the fundamental thermodynamic properties of the binding process along with trends found across dendrimer generations. Thermodynamic data were found to be in accordance with the proposed model.