Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Objective: CX(3) CR1 is a chemokine receptor that uniquely binds to its ligand fractalkine (CX(3) CL1) and has been shown to be important in inflammatory arthritis responses, largely due to its effects on cellular migration. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that genetic deficiency of CX(3) CR1 is protective in the chronic inflammatory arthritis model collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Because CX(3) CR1 is expressed on T cells and antigen-presenting cells, we also examined adaptive immune functions in this model.
Methods: Autoantibody formation, clinical, histologic, T cell proliferative, and cytokine responses were evaluated in wild-type and CX(3) CR1-deficient DBA/1J mice after immunization with heterologous type II collagen (CII).
Results: CX(3) CR1(-/-) mice had an ∼30% reduction in arthritis severity compared to wild-type mice, as determined by 2 independent measures, paw swelling (P < 0.01) and clinical disease score (P < 0.0001). Additionally, compared to wild-type mice, CX(3) CR1(-/-) mice had an ∼50% decrease in anti-CII autoantibody formation (P < 0.05), decreased Th17 intraarticular cytokine expression (P < 0.01 for interleukin-17 [IL-17] and P < 0.001 for IL-23), and decreased total numbers of Th17 cells in inflamed joints (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that CX(3) CR1 deficiency is protective in inflammatory arthritis and may have effects that extend beyond migration that involve adaptive immune responses in autoimmune disease.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3238788 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.34320 | DOI Listing |
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