AI Article Synopsis
- - Halothane, introduced in the 1950s as an anesthetic, led to concerns about liver damage (hepatitis), prompting the search for safer alternatives with fewer side effects.
- - Two types of halothane-related liver damage were identified: mild hepatitis (type 1) with self-limiting symptoms, and severe hepatotoxicity (type 2), often resulting in acute liver failure.
- - Newer anesthetics like enflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane, which aren't metabolized by the liver and cause fewer adverse reactions, are more expensive, raising challenges for their adoption in lower-budget healthcare systems.
Article Abstract
Halothane was introduced as an anesthetic in the 1950s and was considered a revolutionary agent in the field of anesthesia. Soon after, halothane-induced hepatitis became a concern, leading to the development of less toxic gases that induced a lower incidence of side effects. Two types of halothane-related hepatotoxicity have been described: type 1, or mild hepatitis, is associated with elevated transaminase levels and self-limiting symptoms, and type 2, or severe hepatotoxicity, is associated with acute fatal liver failure and is fatal in most cases. Hepatotoxicity is most likely to be immune-related, based on much evidence. Free radicals that are produced by the metabolism of halothane in the liver can modify cellular proteins and introduce neo-antigens to the immune system. Sensitization to these neo-antigens induces a more severe response after multiple exposures; most cases of type 2 hepatitis occur after repeated contact. New halogenated anesthetics such as enflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane, are not metabolized in the liver, causing few cases of sensitization. Compared with halothane, these anesthetics are expensive. As a result, replacement of halothane with new halogenated anesthetics requires a precise cost-benefit analysis, especially in developing countries that have low health care budgets.
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