It has been assumed that diffusion of molecules in the bacterial cytoplasm is the mechanism that moves molecules in the absence of cytoplasmic streaming. However, is there an undiscovered mechanism present that mobilizes cytoplasm and its molecular contents, and delivers tRNAs to specific ribosomes at specific bacterial cytoplasmic locations? Mobilization of specific tRNA (and also mRNA transcripts and ribosomes) and cell division proteins to specific intracellular locations may suggest that instructions and/or mechanism(s) are needed. The alternative is that molecular crowding in the cytoplasm is sufficient for gentle contact between mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA. Or is it plausible that the bacterial cytoplasm (and its contents) are mobilized with the outcome being more gentle collisions between molecules than by a diffusion only mechanism? One hypothesis is that cytoplasmic and molecule mobilization and spatial organization are possibly driven by the photons in thermal infrared (IR) radiation and generation of exclusion zone (EZ) water in the cytoplasm.
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Biotechnol Prog
January 2025
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) are the antigen receptors of jawless vertebrates such as lamprey. VLRs are of growing biotechnological interest for their ability to bind certain antigenic targets with higher affinity than traditional immunoglobulins. However, VLRs are disulfide-bonded proteins that are often challenging to produce requiring genetic modifications, fusion partners, non-scalable host cell lines or inclusion body formation and refolding.
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December 2024
Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, México.
STAT1 is a cytoplasmic transcription factor associated with cell growth regulation, differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis. IFN-mediated JAK/STAT signaling pathway is involved in eliminating intracellular pathogens and viruses. However, pathogenic variants in STAT1 can result in impaired or increased function.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Eukaryot Microbiol
January 2025
Departmento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
All insect trypanosomatids of the subfamily Strigomonadinae harbor a proteobacterial symbiont in their cytoplasm and unique ultrastructural cell organization. Here, we report an unexpected finding within the Strigomonadinae subfamily: the identification of a new species lacking bacterial symbiont, represented by two isolates obtained from Calliphoridae flies in Brazil and Uganda. This species is hereby designated as Kentomonas inusitatus n.
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January 2025
Center of Disease Immunity and Intervention, College of Medicine, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China.
The inflammasome is a cytoplasmic multiprotein complex that induces the maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) or pyroptosis by activating caspases, which play critical roles in regulating inflammation, cell death, and various cellular processes. Multiple studies have shown that the inflammasome is a key regulator of the host defence response against pathogen infections. During the process of pathogenic microbe invasion into host cells, the host's innate immune system recognizes these microbes by activating inflammasomes, triggering inflammatory responses to clear the microbes and initiate immune responses.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
January 2025
Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
Gram-negative bacteria pose an increased threat to public health because of their ability to evade the effects of many antimicrobials with growing antibiotic resistance globally. One key component of gram-negative bacteria resistance is the functionality and the cells' ability to repair the outer membrane (OM) which acts as a barrier for the cell to the external environment. The biosynthesis of lipids, particularly lipopolysaccharides, or lipooligosaccharides (LPS/LOS) is essential for OM repair.
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