Meat traceability using DNA markers: application to the beef industry.

Consumer concerns about beef demands instruments to assure its traceability. A methodology using DNA markers is proposed for beef identification focussing on a Spanish beef certification, Ternera de Navarra (Beef of Navarra). To validate this methodology the number of markers used and the implications of population structure in individual identification were evaluated. In order to get practical implementation, the sampling levels required, depending on the number of markers and amount of possible fraud, is also discussed. Using at least eight very informative markers the origin of retailed meat is always found independent of genetic population structure. The total control of fraud would be very expensive using large-scale application of DNA analyses and a strategy based on anonymous sampling is proposed.