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Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious concern with multifactorial etiology. Association between prenatal anxiety, pain, and depression has been theorized.

Aim: In this randomized controlled trial, we studied the effect of pain relief by combined spinal epidural (CSE) and other factors influencing PPD.

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The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strengthening on the pelvic floor function in women who have experienced OASIS two years after delivery, and the secondary objective was to educate women about PFM strengthening and instruct them on the correct way to exercise. A prospective case-control study was conducted. The participants were divided into two groups: the case group (women who experienced OASIS) and the control group (women who did not experience perineal tears but had similar obstetric-related data to the case).

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Background: Lack of motivation and behavioral abnormalities are the hallmarks of postpartum depression (PPD). Severe uterine contractions during labor are pain triggers for psychiatric disorders, including PPD in women during the puerperium. Creating biomarkers to monitor PPD may help in its early detection and treatment.

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Hamman's syndrome is characterized by spontaneous pneumomediastinum triggered by Valsalva maneuvers and is an uncommon complication during labor and the postpartum period. It is typically benign and managed conservatively with oxygen therapy and analgesia. We present the clinical case of a 21-year-old primigravida who developed spontaneous pneumomediastinum during labor, manifesting with subcutaneous emphysema and dyspnea.

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BACKGROUND Butorphanol, an opioid receptor agonist and antagonist, is widely used for post-cesarean section analgesia in the form of intravenous or intramuscular injection, but nasal sprays are less used. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of butorphanol nasal spray on uterine contraction pain after cesarean section and explore its effect on postpartum prolactin secretion. MATERIAL AND METHODS We randomly divided 120 patients scheduled for cesarean section into 3 groups (40 per group): intranasal saline (control), butorphanol intranasal (BI), and butorphanol pumped intravenously (BV).

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