Retinol may counteract the negative effect of cadmium on bone.

Cadmium and high vitamin A intake are both proposed risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD), but potential interactions have not been studied. Within the Women's Health in the Lund Area, a population-based study in southern Sweden, we measured retinol in serum among 606 women aged 54-64 y. Data on BMD were measured by DXA at the distal forearm. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone alkaline phosphatase (bALP), and osteocalcin in serum and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and cadmium in urine were available. Associations were evaluated using multivariable-adjusted linear regression analysis. Serum retinol concentrations (median, 1.9; range, 0.97-4.3 μmol/L) were inversely associated with the bone formation markers bALP and osteocalcin (P ≤ 0.04) and with PTH (P = 0.07) and tended to be positively associated with BMD (P = 0.08) but not with the bone resorption marker DPD, indicating different effects on bone compared to urinary cadmium (median, 0.66; range, 0.12-3.6 nmol/mmol creatinine). Women with serum retinol less than the median and cadmium greater than the median had lower BMD than those with retinol greater than the median and cadmium less than the median (P = 0.016 among all women and P = 0.010 among never-smokers). Our findings suggest that adequate vitamin A status may counteract the adverse association between cadmium and BMD.