CO(2) is a major contaminant of renewable H(2) derived from biomass fermentation. The effect of the presence of CO(2) on the activity of alumina-supported Pt and Rh catalysts used for the hydrogenation of toluene at 348 K was investigated. The use of operando diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was crucial in unravelling the changes in the nature and abundance of species adsorbed at the sample surface and relating those to the changes of catalytic activity. Rhodium supported on alumina was only partly deactivated by the introduction of CO(2) during the hydrogenation of toluene, contrary to the case of Pt/alumina. Rh was only partially covered by carbonyl species derived from CO(2) and it was shown that toluene could successfully compete with some of the linearly adsorbed carbonyls for adsorption. The alumina support stored many CO(2)-derived adsorbates (carbonates, hydrogenocarbonates, carboxylates) that could spill over to the metal and form carbonyl species even after the removal of CO(2) from the feed.
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