Estrogen and Visceral Nociception at the Level of Primary Sensory Neurons.

Clinical studies suggest the comorbidity of functional pain syndromes such as irritable bowel syndrome, painful bladder syndrome, chronic pelvic pain, and somatoform disorders approaches 40% to 60%. The incidence of episodic or persistent visceral pain associated with these "functional" disorders is two to three times higher in women than in men. One of the possible explanations for this phenomenon is estrogen modulation of viscerovisceral cross-sensitization. While a central site of this modulation has been shown previously, our studies suggest a peripheral site, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Estrogens have remarkably wide range of functions including modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) and purinoreceptors (P2Xs). Significantly, inflammation dramatically alters purinoception by causing a several fold increase in ATP-activated current, alters the voltage dependence of P2X receptors, and enhances the expression of P2X receptors increasing neuronal hypersensitivity. Gonadal hormones are thought as indispensable cornerstones of the normal development and function, but it appears that no body region, no neuronal circuit, and virtually no cell is unaffected by them. Thus, increasing awareness toward estrogens appears to be obligatory.