School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
Published: February 2012
AI Article Synopsis
Article Abstract
In a new variation on the Fischer indole synthesis, readily available haloarenes are converted into a wide range of indoles in just two steps by halogen-magnesium exchange and quenching with di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate, followed by reaction with aldehydes or ketones under acidic conditions. The protocol, which is readily extended to the preparation of indole isosteres, 4- and 6-azaindoles and thienopyrroles, obviates the need to prepare potentially toxic aryl hydrazines, simultaneously avoiding undesirable anilines such as naphthylamines.
Background: High-quality estimates of the epidemiology of the autism spectrum and the health needs of autistic people are necessary for service planners and resource allocators. Here we present the global prevalence and health burden of autism spectrum disorder from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 following improvements to the epidemiological data and burden estimation methods.
Methods: For GBD 2021, a systematic literature review involving searches in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, the Global Health Data Exchange, and consultation with experts identified data on the epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder.
Illumina-based BeadChip arrays have revolutionized genome-wide DNA methylation profiling, pushing it into diagnostics. However, comprehensive quality assessment remains challenging within a wide range of available tissue materials and sample preparation methods. This study tackles two critical issues: differentiating between biological effects and technical artefacts in suboptimal quality samples and the impact of the first sample on the Illumina-like normalization algorithm.
Background: BRCA2 germline mutations are known to predispose carriers to various cancer types, including breast, ovarian, pancreatic and prostate cancer. An association with melanoma has also been reported. However, the full tumour spectrum associated with BRCA2 mutations, particularly in patients with other concurrent pathogenetic mutations, is unexplored.
Background: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG)-peptide induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model for inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. However, its severity and incidence vary within and between laboratories. Severe scores can lead to premature termination and are both unnecessary for readouts and detrimental to animal welfare.
This study investigated lead (Pb) transport through new, biofilm-laden, and calcium carbonate-scaled crosslinked polyethylene (PEX-A) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) potable water pipes. The research focused on Pb accumulation through short-term exposure incidents (6 h) and Pb release for a longer duration (5 d). A mechanistic investigation of the surface morphology variations of plastic pipes following biofilm and scale formation has been conducted.
