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Vitamin D, acute respiratory infections, and Covid-19: The curse of small-size randomised trials. A critical review with meta-analysis of randomised trials.
PLoS One
January 2025
Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
Background: Randomised trials conducted from 2006 to 2021 indicated that vitamin D supplementation (VDS) was able to prevent severe COVID-19 and acute respiratory infections (ARI). However, larger randomised trials published in 2022 did not confirm the health benefits of VDS in COVID-19 patients.
Objective: To examine through a systematic review with meta-analysis the characteristics of randomised trials on VDS to COVID-19 patients and admission to intensive care unit (ICU), and of randomised trials on VDS for the prevention of ARI.
Pathophysiology and Management Strategies for Post-Stroke Spasticity: An Update Review.
Int J Mol Sci
January 2025
School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
Post-stroke spasticity (PSS), characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone and exaggerated reflexes, affects a significant portion of stroke patients and presents a substantial obstacle to post-stroke rehabilitation. Effective management and treatment for PSS remains a significant clinical challenge in the interdisciplinary aspect depending on the understanding of its etiologies and pathophysiology. We systematically review the relevant literature and provide the main pathogenic hypotheses: alterations in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the descending pathway or the spinal circuit, which are secondary to cortical and subcortical ischemic or hemorrhagic injury, lead to disinhibition of the stretch reflex and increased muscle tone.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDisentangling the effect of sex from brain size on brain organization and cognitive functioning.
Geroscience
January 2025
Cerebral Imaging Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montréal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.
Neuroanatomical sex differences estimated in neuroimaging studies are confounded by total intracranial volume (TIV) as a major biological factor. Employing a matching approach widely used for causal modeling, we disentangled the effect of TIV from sex to study sex-differentiated brain aging trajectories, their relation to functional networks and cytoarchitectonic classes, brain allometry, and cognition. Using data from the UK Biobank, we created subsamples that removed, maintained, or exaggerated the TIV differences in the original sample.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAcoustic Exaggeration Enhances Speech Discrimination in Young Autistic Children.
Autism Res
December 2024
Psychiatry and Addictology Department, CIUSSS-NIM Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Child-directed speech (CDS), which amplifies acoustic and social features of speech during interactions with young children, promotes typical phonetic and language development. In autism, both behavioral and brain data indicate reduced sensitivity to human speech, which predicts absent, decreased, or atypical benefits of exaggerated speech signals such as CDS. This study investigates the impact of exaggerated fundamental frequency (F0) and voice-onset time on the neural processing of speech sounds in 22 Chinese-speaking autistic children aged 2-7 years old with a history of speech delays, compared with 25 typically developing (TD) peers.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOptimization of abdominal CT based on a model of total risk minimization by putting radiation risk in perspective with imaging benefit.
Commun Med (Lond)
December 2024
Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Labs, Center for Virtual Imaging Trials, Department of Radiology, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC, USA.
Article Synopsis
- The study developed a mathematical model to evaluate total risk in imaging procedures by considering both radiation and clinical risks, addressing a gap in previous research.
- The findings indicate that clinical risk is significantly greater than radiation risk, with a minimum 400% excess across all demographics analyzed.
- The results suggest that optimizing radiation doses in CT exams may require increasing doses in many cases, particularly benefiting certain populations like Asians, while emphasizing the potential harms of excess radiation reduction.
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