A review of orthostatic blood pressure regulation and its association with mood and cognition.

Aims: This paper will review literature that examines the psychological and neuropsychological correlates of orthostatic blood pressure regulation.

Results: The pattern of change in systolic blood pressure in response to the shift from supine to upright posture reflects the adequacy of orthostatic regulation. Orthostatic integrity involves the skeletal muscle pump, neurovascular compensation, neurohumoral effects and cerebral flow regulation. Various physiological states and disease conditions may disrupt these mechanisms. Clinical and subclinical orthostatic hypotension has been associated with impaired cognitive function, decreased effort, reduced motivation and increased hopelessness as well as dementia, diabetes mellitus, and Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, inadequate blood pressure regulation in response to orthostasis has been linked to increased depression and anxiety as well as to intergenerational behavioral sequalae.

Conclusions: Identifying possible causes and consequences of subclinical and clinical OH are critical in improving quality of life for both children and older adults.