We propose a mathematical nonlinear model for the Tiwanaku civilization collapse based on the assumption, supported by archeological data, that a drought caused a lack of the main resource, water. We evaluate the parameter of our model using archaeological data. According to our numerical simulation the population core should have decreased from 45,000 to 2000 inhabitants due to lake surface contraction.
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Artificial cranial deformation in Tiwanaku, Bolivia.
Childs Nerv Syst
November 2023
Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Purpose: Herein lies a brief historical review of the practice of artificial cranial deformation (ACD) in Tiwanaku, Bolivia, a pre-Columbian archeological ruin once regarded as one of the most powerful pre-Inca regions whose influence extended into present-day Peru and Chile from 600 to 1000 AD. We describe the history, purpose, and implications of ACD from both a neuroanatomical and cultural perspective.
Methods: A literature review was conducted through PubMed on the history of artificial cranial deformation in South America, concentrating on the Tiwanaku region.
Ancient genomes reveal long-range influence of the pre-Columbian culture and site of Tiwanaku.
Sci Adv
September 2021
Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
Tiwanaku civilization flourished in the Lake Titicaca basin between 500 and 1000 CE and at its apogee influenced wide areas across the southern Andes. Despite a considerable amount of archaeological data, little is known about the Tiwanaku population. We analyzed 17 low-coverage genomes from individuals dated between 300 and 1500 CE and demonstrated genetic continuity in the Lake Titicaca basin throughout this period, which indicates that the substantial cultural and political changes in the region were not accompanied by large-scale population movements.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMultiethnicity, pluralism, and migration in the south central Andes: An alternate path to state expansion.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
July 2015
Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037
The south central Andes is known as a region of enduring multiethnic diversity, yet it is also the cradle of one the South America's first successful expansive-state societies. Social structures that encouraged the maintenance of separate identities among coexistent ethnic groups may explain this apparent contradiction. Although the early expansion of the Tiwanaku state (A.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe history of neurosurgery in Bolivia and pediatric neurosurgery in Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
Surg Neurol Int
September 2013
Division of Neurosurgery, Japanese University Hospital, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
The practice of neurosurgery in Bolivia began thousands of years ago with skull trepanation. This procedure dates from the earliest period of the Tiwanaku culture, a preInca civilization. Neurosurgical development in Bolivia has its origins in the late 19(th) century and can be divided in two stages.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe genetic history of indigenous populations of the Peruvian and Bolivian Altiplano: the legacy of the Uros.
PLoS One
June 2014
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil ; Universidad San Martin de Porres (USMP), Lima, Peru.
The Altiplano region of the South American Andes is marked by an inhospitable climate to which the autochthonous human populations adapted and then developed great ancient civilizations, such as the Tiwanaku culture and the Inca Empire. Since pre-Columbian times, different rulers established themselves around the Titicaca and Poopo Lakes. By the time of the arrival of Spaniards, Aymara and Quechua languages were predominant on the Altiplano under the rule of the Incas, although the occurrence of other spoken languages, such as Puquina and Uruquilla, suggests the existence of different ethnic groups in this region.
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