AI Article Synopsis
- Papaver rhoeas has a unique self-incompatibility system, with existing studies only identifying a few divergent S-alleles despite evidence for over 60 different alleles in the species.
- Through RT-PCR, researchers discovered 87 new potential S-alleles across various Papaveraceae species and found strong correlations between S-genotypes and incompatibility traits in controlled pollinations.
- The study suggests significant variability in Papaver S-alleles compared to other species, with evidence of evolution influenced by factors like divergence time, selection pressures, and genetic recombination, indicating that key amino acid changes may play a crucial role in self-recognition mechanisms.
Article Abstract
Background: Papaver rhoeas possesses a gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system not homologous to any other SI mechanism characterized at the molecular level. Four previously published full length stigmatic S-alleles from the genus Papaver exhibited remarkable sequence divergence, but these studies failed to amplify additional S-alleles despite crossing evidence for more than 60 S-alleles in Papaver rhoeas alone.
Methodology/principal Findings: Using RT-PCR we identified 87 unique putative stigmatic S-allele sequences from the Papaveraceae Argemone munita, Papaver mcconnellii, P. nudicuale, Platystemon californicus and Romneya coulteri. Hand pollinations among two full-sib families of both A. munita and P. californicus indicate a strong correlation between the putative S-genotype and observed incompatibility phenotype. However, we also found more than two S-like sequences in some individuals of A. munita and P. californicus, with two products co-segregating in both full-sib families of P. californicus. Pairwise sequence divergence estimates within and among taxa show Papaver stigmatic S-alleles to be the most variable with lower divergence among putative S-alleles from other Papaveraceae. Genealogical analysis indicates little shared ancestral polymorphism among S-like sequences from different genera. Lack of shared ancestral polymorphism could be due to long divergence times among genera studied, reduced levels of balancing selection if some or all S-like sequences do not function in incompatibility, population bottlenecks, or different levels of recombination among taxa. Preliminary estimates of positive selection find many sites under selective constraint with a few undergoing positive selection, suggesting that self-recognition may depend on amino acid substitutions at only a few sites.
Conclusions/significance: Because of the strong correlation between genotype and SI phenotype, sequences reported here represent either functional stylar S-alleles, tightly linked paralogs of the S-locus or a combination of both. The considerable complexity revealed in this study shows we have much to learn about the evolutionary dynamics of self-incompatibility systems.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166141 | PMC |
| http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0023635 | PLOS |
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