In the present experiments, after training rats in a standard fixed interval (FI) 30s schedule, we induced a change in the strategy employed during gap trials, by presenting during FI with gaps training, 9-s interruptions of the FI discriminative stimulus in 40% of the trials; in one type of interruption, after the discriminative stimulus resumed, the FI was re-started; in the second type of interruption, the FI had to be completed considering the time before the interruption. The effect of these manipulations was tested in a peak-interval with gaps procedure. The main result was that the strategy employed during gap trials depended on the type of interruption experienced during the training phase, both in a comparison between subjects (experiment 1) and within subjects (experiment 2).
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2011.08.014 | DOI Listing |
Sci Adv
January 2025
Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
Plants sense and respond to hyperosmotic stress via quick activation of sucrose nonfermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2). Under unstressed conditions, the protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2C) in clade A interact with and inhibit SnRK2s in subgroup III, which are released from the PP2C inhibition via pyrabactin resistance 1-like (PYL) abscisic acid receptors. However, how SnRK2s are released under osmotic stress is unclear.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Sports Act Living
January 2025
Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
Objectives: The research aimed to examine exercise cravings that arise from the disruption of daily routine resulting from the earthquake and the consequent mandatory absence from exercising at fitness centers.
Study Design: This study utilized the phenomenological design through qualitative research methods.
Methods: The research sample comprises six individuals aged between 22 and 29 years.
Diabetol Int
January 2025
Department of Metabolic Medicine, Kumamoto City Hospital, 4-1-60 Higashimachi, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, 862-8505 Japan.
A 58-year-old woman with a body mass index of 26.4 kg/m was referred because of high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) at a medical checkup. Her anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA) titer was positive (16.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPublic Health
January 2025
Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Liverpool, UK. Electronic address:
Objectives: Alcohol consumption and its associated harms pose a significant challenge to public health in the UK. To address this issue, Wales implemented a Minimum Unit Price policy (MUP) in February 2020, setting a minimum price of 50p per UK unit of alcohol (10 ml/8 g). In this study we evaluate the policy's impact on alcohol sales metrics to gauge its effectiveness in improving public health outcomes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Infect Dis
January 2025
School of Public Health, Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Background: Between 2016 and 2023, 3248 cases of circulating vaccine-derived type 2 poliomyelitis (cVDPV2) were reported globally and supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) with monovalent type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (mOPV2) and novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (nOPV2) targeted an estimated 356 and 525 million children, respectively. This analysis estimates the community-level impact of nOPV2 relative to mOPV2 SIAs.
Methods: We fitted interrupted time-series regressions to surveillance data between January 2016 and November 2023 to estimate the impact of nOPV2 and mOPV2 SIAs on cVDPV2 poliomyelitis incidence and prevalence in environmental surveillance across 37 countries, directly comparing the impact of SIAs in 13 countries where both vaccines were used.
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