The treatment of auto-immune diseases is evolving and newer agents become available. This review will outline treatment options in children with auto-immune disorders. Treatment with current corticosteroids and azathioprine works in majority but issues of intolerance and incomplete response arise, which led to window of newer immunosuppressants including mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and various antibodies of human and animal origin. The newer agents have been studied in fewer numbers of children, so they are not first-line treatment yet but do have a clear role in patients with intolerance or incomplete response to standard therapy.
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Viruses
December 2024
Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
Kidney transplant recipients require a lifelong protocol of immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. However, these same medications leave them susceptible to opportunistic infections. One pathogen of particular concern is human polyomavirus 1, also known as BK virus (BKPyV).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Mol Sci
January 2025
Department of Pharmacy, University of Limpopo, Mankweng 0727, South Africa.
This narrative review examines the dynamic interplay between carbohydrate intake and diabetes medications, highlighting their combined molecular and clinical effects on glycemic control. Carbohydrates, a primary energy source, significantly influence postprandial glucose regulation and necessitate careful coordination with pharmacological therapies, including insulin, metformin, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Low-glycemic-index (GI) foods enhance insulin sensitivity, stabilize glycemic variability, and optimize medication efficacy, while high-GI foods exacerbate glycemic excursions and insulin resistance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiomolecules
January 2025
Department of Radiology, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
Tryptophan (Trp)-based radiotracers have excellent potential for imaging many different types of brain pathology because of their involvement with both the serotonergic and kynurenine (KYN) pathways. However, radiotracers specific to the kynurenine metabolism pathway are limited. In addition, historically Trp-based radiopharmaceuticals were synthesized with the short-lived isotope carbon-11.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnimals (Basel)
January 2025
National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
is the etiological agent of Glässer's disease, which causes high morbidity and mortality in pigs worldwide. Macrolide resistance poses an urgent threat to their treatment, as macrolides are widely used for preventing and treating infections. Here, we determined the susceptibilities to five macrolides and characterized the genetic markers of macrolide resistance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCancers (Basel)
January 2025
Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 455 00 Ioannina, Greece.
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) have been associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development and chronic colonic inflammation seems to have a critical role in the pathogenesis of CRC in patients suffering from IBD. In respect to that, surveillance colonoscopy at regular intervals is recommended in patients with colitis. This review aims to explore the chemopreventive potential of a range of agents, including mesalazine, thiopurines, anti-TNF agents, statins, ursodeoxycholic acid, aspirin, folic acid, and nutraceuticals.
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