To determine the water resistance of a sunscreen, the COLIPA method requires the determination of two minimal erythema doses (MEDs): a static MED (MED(US)) and a wet MED (MED(UW)) (1). The MED(US) is used in calculating the static SPF; the MED(UW) is used in calculating the SPF after water immersion. Herein, we report that in the 107 subjects examined, the mean MED(US) (21.0±0.55 mJ) is not different from the mean MED(UW) (21.0±0.61 mJ). This shows that water immersion does not alter the minimal erythema dose and strongly suggests that the determination of two MEDs is unnecessary and that one should be eliminated. Eliminating one of the two MED determinations would increase the benefit/risk ratio of the COLIPA sunscreen water-resistance efficacy testing without harm to efficacy.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
A Lionfish-Skin-Inspired Intrinsic Antifouling Coating for Full-Ocean-Depth up to 7730 Meters.
Small
December 2024
Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
As marine equipment advances from shallow to deep-sea environments, the demand for high-performance antifouling materials continues to increase. The lionfish, a species inhabiting both deep-sea and shallow coral reefs, prevents fouling organism adhesion via its smooth, mucus-covered skin, which contains antimicrobial peptides. Inspired by lionfish skin, this work integrates zwitterionic segments with hydration-based fouling-release properties and the furan oxime ester structure with intrinsic antibacterial activity to develop a silicone-based antifouling coating capable of operating from shallow to deep-sea environments.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProtective Effects of Some Graded Iranian Honey Samples Against Cold Water Immersion-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats.
Food Sci Nutr
December 2024
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine Birjand University of Medical Sciences Birjand Iran.
Honey has a rich history of treating gastrointestinal diseases due to its diverse bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the protective effects of select Iranian honeys against cold water immersion stress (CWIS)-induced ulcers in rats. Forty male Wistar rats (250-280 g) were randomly assigned to eight groups ( = 5): control, CWIS, and groups treated with strong (eucalyptus, Annaab, and Jangale) and weak honeys (Chand Giah, Sumaq, Gaz) + CWIS.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFacile On-Substrate Fabrication of Silver Coordination Polymer Nanowires for Sustainable and Efficient Water Disinfection.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
December 2024
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
Silver, as the oldest antibacterial material, has been almost replaced by other alternatives for its insufficient activity or potential side-effects on the ecosystem due to the over-release of Ag ions (Ag). Herein, a facile and general strategy is developed to on-substrate fabricate silver coordination polymer nanowire arrays (Ag CPN) by simply immersing Ag-containing substrates into cationic surfactant solution at room temperature. Such a Ag CPN not only provides high-surface-area nano-biointerfaces for destroying microorganisms via physicomechanical interactions but also acts as a safe Ag reservoir, steadily releasing Ag at a relatively high but safe level (∼40 ppb, but lower than the safe level of 100 ppb).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCryogel Addition Effect on Ultrasound-Assisted Thawing of Pork Meat.
Int J Food Sci
December 2024
Laboratory 13 Thermal and Structural Analysis of Materials and Foods, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico-Superior Studies Faculty at Cuautitlan (UNAM-FESC), Cuautitlan Izcalli, Mexico State, Mexico.
The use of new technologies that allow for improving conventional food preservation processes is what the industry has been adopting in recent decades, with high-intensity ultrasound (US) and the application of cryoprotectant agents (cryogels) being those that have become more relevant today. For this reason, in this study, cuts of pork frozen in liquid nitrogen with and without waxy starch cryogel and thawed under controlled conditions in water immersion and with US were used, evaluating thermal parameters such as the initial zone and the melting rate of ice crystals and quality parameters such as pH, water holding capacity (WHC), microstructure, color profile, shear force, and surface changes. It was shown that the addition of cryogel modifies the initial fusion zone, that US-assisted thawing increases the fusion rate, and that both factors influence the quality parameters.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSolution-processed nickel oxide passivation on large-area silicon electrodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting.
RSC Adv
December 2024
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising technology for converting solar energy into chemical energy. For this system to be practically viable, the materials and processes employed for photoelectrode fabrication should be cost-effective and scalable. Herein, we report the large-scale fabrication of nickel oxide-coated n-type silicon (n-Si) photoanodes chemical bath deposition for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWant AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!