Lithium utility and toxicity are reviewed. Lithium continues to be the most useful agent available for the prophylaxis and treatment of bipolar illness. Lithium augmentation of antidepressants is useful in treatment-resistant unipolar depression. Utility in other psychiatric disorders, such as schizoaffective, alcoholism, or aggressive behavior, is documented only when a significant affective component coexists. In internal medicine, lithium has proven useful in the prophylaxis of cluster headaches and in ameliorating chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. Other miscellaneous uses in both psychiatry and medicine have been anecdotally reported and are reviewed. However, the use of lithium may be limited by acute and chronic toxic side effects. Acute toxicity almost always manifests as central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, and the degree of toxicity usually parallels the extent of CNS dysfunction. Chronic toxic manifestations effect cardiac, renal, and endocrine systems. In fetu exposure may be teratogenic.
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Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a syndrome that causes chronic, involuntary, and disruptive movements of the body and/or face that is a severe, potentially irreversible adverse effect of long-term antipsychotic use. It has wide-reaching effects on patients' well-being, quality of life, and treatment adherence. Thus, TD is debilitating, leading to social withdrawal, and workplace absenteeism.
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March 2025
State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; Hebei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Membranes, Cangzhou Institute of Tiangong University, Cangzhou 061000, China. Electronic address:
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March 2025
Aligarh Muslim University, Chemistry, INDIA.
The growing energy demand has underscored the importance of sustainable energy storage devices. Biomass-derived carbon dots (B-Cdots) have gained significant attention for their potential to address this challenge. Utilizing greener routes for the large-scale synthesis of B-Cdots is not only eco-friendly and cost-effective but also promotes sustainability.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSmall Methods
March 2025
School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have garnered significant attention from both academic and industrial communities due to their high safety feature and high energy density in combination with lithium(Li) metal anode. Nevertheless, their practical applications remain constrained by the relatively low room-temperature ionic conductivity and interface issues. Anion-derived cation-anion aggregates (AGGs), derived from high-concentration liquid electrolytes, promote a stable solid-electrolyte interphase layer, which have gradually propelled their application in SPEs.
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