Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Leishmania spp. protozoa are obligate intracellular parasites that replicate in macrophages during mammalian infection. Efficient phagocytosis and survival in macrophages are important determinants of parasite virulence. Macrophage lines differ dramatically in their ability to sustain intracellular Leishmania infantum chagasi (Lic). We report that the U937 monocytic cell line supported the intracellular replication and cell-to-cell spread of Lic during 72 h after parasite addition, whereas primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) did not. Electron microscopy and live cell imaging illustrated that Lic promastigotes anchored to MDMs via their anterior ends and were engulfed through symmetrical pseudopods. In contrast, U937 cells bound Lic in diverse orientations, and extended membrane lamellae to reorient and internalize parasites through coiling phagocytosis. Lic associated tightly with the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) membrane in both cell types. PVs fused with LAMP-1-expressing compartments 24 h after phagocytosis by MDMs, whereas U937 cell PVs remained LAMP-1 negative. The expression of one phagocytic receptor (CR3) was higher in MDMs than U937 cells, leading us to speculate that parasite uptake proceeds through dissimilar pathways between these cells. We hypothesize that the mechanism of phagocytosis differs between primary versus immortalized human macrophage cells, with corresponding differences in the subsequent intracellular fate of the parasite.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3185139 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2011.05.014 | DOI Listing |
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