Gold dimensions of pharmaceutical drug development indicate that it takes on average 11.9 years, with an investment around US$ 0.8 Billion, to launch one product on the market. Furthermore, approximately 22% of the drug candidates successfully complete clinical testing. These universally acknowledged proportions largely originate from one single, much cited publication; Dimasi et al. [5]. However an additional six articles describing new chemical entities (NCE) development were identified, which contain little, if any, information on vaccines. Published cumulative success rates range from 7% to 78% and investments calculations span US$ 0.8 to 1.7 Billion. Obviously this disserves further clarification?
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.051 | DOI Listing |
PLoS One
January 2025
Ocean Georesources Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea.
Banded iron formations (BIFs), significant iron ore deposits formed approximately 2.3 billion years ago under low-oxygen conditions, have recently gained attention as potential geological sources for evaluating hydrogen (H₂) production. BIFs are characterized by high concentrations of iron oxide (20 to 40 wt.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Food
January 2025
College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Rice is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) and nitrogen pollution. While best management practices have been developed to enhance the sustainability of rice production under current climates, their adaptability and efficacy under future climate scenarios remain uncertain. Here we evaluated 49 best management practices across global grid cells of rice-producing areas in terms of increasing rice production, reducing GHG emissions and minimizing nitrogen pollution under future climate conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCommun Eng
January 2025
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
Vision impairment affects nearly 2.2 billion people globally, and nearly half of these cases could be prevented with early diagnosis and intervention-underscoring the urgent need for reliable and scalable detection methods for conditions like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Here we propose a distributed deep learning framework that integrates self-supervised and domain-adaptive federated learning to enhance the detection of eye diseases from optical coherence tomography images.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Infect Dis
January 2025
Public Health Informatics, Computational, and Operations Research (PHICOR), CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York City, NY, USA.
Background: Long COVID, which affects an estimated 44.69-48.04 million people in the U.
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