Evidence-based treatment of open ankle fractures.

Fractures of the ankle are fairly common injuries. Open ankle fractures are much less common and associated with severe injuries to surrounding tissues. We have performed a systematic review of the literature concerning the clinical results and complication rates in the treatment of open ankle fractures. We conducted a search limited to the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Clinical Trial Register and Embase. These were searched from 1968 to April 2010 to identify studies relating to the treatment of open ankle fractures. Fifteen articles concerning 498 patients with treatment of an open ankle fracture were identified. The number of included patients varied from 11 to 64. There were 2 prospective and 13 retrospective studies. All articles were case series and classified as Level IV evidence. In 373 cases, open ankle fractures were treated by immediate internal fixation. In 125 cases, a conservative treatment or delayed/other fixation treatment was followed. Of those patients treated by immediate internal fixation, 81% had satisfactory result. Poor results (15%) were most commonly due to non-anatomic reductions, articular surface damage or deep infection. When conservative treatment was followed, 76% had satisfactory results. The most reported complications after immediate internal fixation were deep infection (8%) and skin necrosis (14%). There is a lack of high quality literature concerning the (operative) treatment of patients with open ankle fractures. Remarkable is that most authors reported satisfactory results after performance of their treatment protocol. Based on the available literature, we formulated guidelines regarding: timing of operative treatment, wound irrigation, the role of internal fixation, wound coverage and closure, the use of antibiotics and additional therapies.