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Eastern equine encephalitis virus: Pathogenesis, immune response, and clinical manifestations.
Infect Med (Beijing)
March 2025
RAK College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah 11172, United Arab Emirates.
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a lethal transmitted by mosquitoes that primarily cycles between birds. Although rare, infections in humans and horses are associated with high mortality rates and severe neurological effects. Climate change appears to be increasing the spread of this virus.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeuropathogenesis of Encephalitic Alphaviruses in Non-Human Primate and Mouse Models of Infection.
Pathogens
February 2025
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
Encephalitic alphaviruses, including eastern, Venezuelan, and western equine encephalitis virus (EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV, respectively) are New World alphaviruses primarily transmitted by mosquitos that cause debilitating and lethal central nervous system (CNS) disease in both humans and horses. Despite over one hundred years of research on these viruses, the underpinnings of the molecular mechanisms driving virally induced damage to the CNS remain unresolved. Moreover, virally induced encephalitis following exposure to these viruses causes catastrophic damage to the CNS, and survivors of infection often suffer from permanent neurological sequelae as a result of sustained neuroinflammation and neurological insults encountered.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPassage-attenuated Powassan virus LI9P protects mice from lethal LI9 challenge and links envelope residue D308 to neurovirulence.
mBio
February 2025
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
Unlabelled: Powassan virus (POWV) is an emergent tick-borne flavivirus that causes lethal encephalitic disease and chronic neurologic deficits in surviving patients. POWV-LI9 is a tick-derived isolate that causes neurovirulent disease and age-dependent lethality in mice. Serial passage of VeroE6 cells infected with LI9 resulted in eight amino acid changes in a POWV strain LI9P.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTime moving 100-fold slower: time distortion as a diagnostic clue in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
BMC Neurol
February 2025
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, 284-1, Yobe, Ashikaga-City, 3260843, Tochigi, Japan.
Background: The primary symptoms in the early stages of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis are psychiatric manifestations, making it difficult to distinguish from psychiatric disorders. While anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis requires a completely different treatment approach, the specific psychiatric features of the condition remain poorly identified. Although previous studies have suggested that altered perceptions may be characteristic, few case reports focus on altered perceptions of time or time distortion, a phenomenon closely linked to NMDA receptor dysfunction as seen in individuals using NMDA receptor inhibitors like ketamine and phencyclidine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe antiviral BDGR-49 provides protection from lethal, neurotropic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus intranasal infection in mice.
J Virol
February 2025
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Venezuelan, western, and eastern equine encephalitis virus (VEEV, WEEV, and EEEV) cause a febrile illness that may result in fatal neurological disease in humans and equines. Human infections are typically from mosquito bites, although cases from respiratory exposure in laboratory accidents have been documented. In addition to natural mosquito-borne infection, the potential biothreat inherent in the ability to disseminate these viruses via the respiratory route has driven the development of antiviral drugs for this route of exposure.
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