On the occurrence of adventitious branch roots on root axes of trees.

Based on positive results for 11 of 17 species included in an anatomical survey of tree roots, we concluded that the origin of adventitious branch roots (ABR) on established, undisturbed woody parental root axes is a widespread occurrence. ABR were morphologically indistinguishable from branch roots formed in primary tissues of a parental axis, and they occurred without increase in branch root density. We concluded that ABR are an unrecognized component of undamaged root systems. Using continuous serial sectioning to perform a census of branch roots within parental root axes, we obtained definitive evidence that ABR participate in root turnover. Comparisons of older and younger axes, and the chronology of root formation in older axes fulfilled the expectation that with greater age of parental axis, ABR become increasingly predominant among intact branch roots. We confirmed this trend for one of the species scoring negative in the survey, which means that our survey results were probably influenced by age variation. Thus, any of the six negative results obtained in the survey may have been dependent on the young age and slenderness of the axes that were available for examination in those six species.