Therapeutic efficacies of artemisinin-based combination therapies in Nigerian children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria during five years of adoption as first-line treatments. | LitMetric
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Institute for Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Published: June 2011
AI Article Synopsis
Article Abstract
The therapeutic efficacies of 3-day regimens of artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine during 5 years of adoption as first-line treatments were evaluated in 811 ≤ 12-year-old malarious children. Compared with artemether-lumefantrine, amodiaquine-artesunate significantly reduced the proportion of children with fever and parasitemia 1 day after treatment (day 1; P < 0.008 for both). The proportion of parasitemic children on day 2 and gametocytemia on presentation and carriage reduced significantly over the years (P < 0.000001 and P < 0.03, respectively; test for trend). Overall efficacy was 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 94.5-98.6) and remained unchanged over the years (P = 0.87; test for trend). Kinetics of parasitemias after treatments were estimated by a non-compartmental model. Declines of parasitemias were monoexponential, with a mean elimination half-life of 1.09 hours (95% CI = 1.0-1.16). Parasitemia half-lives and efficacy were similar for both regimens and in all ages. Artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether-lumefantrine remain efficacious treatments of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Nigerian children 5 years after adoption.
Existing evidence on whether e-cigarettes are substitutes or complements to combustible cigarettes is limited and mixed. We revisit this question using nationally-representative Canadian survey data over 14 years (2004-2017) and difference-in-differences methods that exploit the staggered adoption of e-cigarette Minimum Legal Age (MLA) laws in Canadian provinces between 2015 and 2017. We study the laws' effects not only on youth smoking but also on smoking initiation and cessation to shed light on the mechanisms through which these laws affect youth smoking.
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