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Lactose Intolerance versus Cow's Milk Allergy in Infants: A Clinical Dilemma.

Nutrients

January 2024

Danone Specialized Nutrition Indonesia, Jakarta 12940, Indonesia.

Due to its very early introduction, cow's milk is one of the first foods that can cause adverse reactions in human beings. Lactose intolerance (LI) and cow's milk allergy (CMA) are the most common adverse reactions to cow's milk. While LI is due to insufficient small intestinal lactase activity and/or a large quantity of ingested lactose, CMA is an aberrant immune reaction to cow's milk proteins, particularly casein or β-lactoglobulin.

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Women's lifelong health and nutrition status is intricately related to their reproductive history, including the number and spacing of their pregnancies and births, and for how long and how intensively they breastfeed their children. In turn, women's reproductive biology is closely linked to their social roles and situation, including regarding economic disadvantage and disproportionate unpaid work. , as well as and women's care and domestic work (known as the 'Three Rs'), is an established framework for addressing women's inequitable unpaid care work.

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Aims/hypothesis: Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are novel drugs which have recently seen rapid uptake in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. The paucity of data regarding their safety during pregnancy and lactation causes a dilemma for the physician. The aim of the present study was to systematically review all available data on the offspring effects of GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors during pregnancy and lactation.

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Article Synopsis
  • Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant nutrition and human food production, yet over 40% of cultivated soils lack sufficient P levels, posing challenges for sustainable agriculture as the global population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050.
  • Current agricultural practices and new techniques, such as intercropping and green manure crops, can enhance P availability in soil and promote greater crop yields compared to monocropping systems.
  • Innovations like mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and improved management practices, including crop rotation and efficient fertilizers, are crucial in maximizing P utilization and addressing food production needs in a changing environment.
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Beginning and achieving full enteral nutrition is a key step in the care of preterm infants, particularly very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. As is true for many organ system-specific complications of prematurity, the gastrointestinal tract must complete in utero development ex utero while concurrently serving a physiologic role reserved for after completion of full term development. The preterm gut must assume the placental function of the interface between a source of energy, precursors for anabolism, and micronutrients, and the developing infant-through digestion and absorption of milk, instead of directly from the mother via the uteroplacental interface.

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