Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome associated with concurrent bevacizumab, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin for cholangiocarcinoma.

Introduction: Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) is a rare disorder characterized by altered mental status, seizure, hypertension, and symmetrical white matter edema (leukoencephalopathy) typically in the posterior cerebral hemispheres on brain imaging. It is often linked to certain medication use, in particular, chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we present a case of chemotherapy-related RPLS and review the current literature on this topic.

Case Report: We report a case of RPLS associated with concurrent bevacizumab (Avastin), gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin use for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Conclusion: This is the first reported case of RPLS associated with bevacizumab, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin combination chemotherapy. Concurrent use of multiple agents could significantly increase the risk of RPLS, a potentially fatal disease. Our case suggests that gradual progression of hypertension and proteinuria may be early warning signs before the onset of RPLS that should alarm clinicians.