Morphologic and mitochondrial characterization of human spermatogenic cells dispersed in wet preparation for testicular sperm extraction: establishment of a microscopic diagram of developing human spermatogenic cells.

The successful identification of spermatozoa at microdissection testicular sperm extraction is critical and can depend on the judgment of experienced reproductive clinicians. Therefore, we characterized human spermatogenic cells based on stage-specific mitochondrial location and morphologic change by using a vital mitochondrion-specific fluorescent probe, Mitotracker, and stage-specific antibodies to make a useful microscopic diagram.