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In Search of an Integrative Method to Study Unconscious Processing: An Application of Bayesian and General Recognition Theory Models to the Processing of Hierarchical Patterns in the Absence of Awareness.
J Cogn
January 2025
Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
The dissociation between conscious and unconscious perception is one of the most relevant issues in the study of human cognition. While there is evidence suggesting that some stimuli might be unconsciously processed up to its meaning (e.g.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDeciphering consciousness: The role of corticothalamocortical interactions in general anesthesia.
Pharmacol Res
January 2025
Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China. Electronic address:
General anesthesia is administered to millions of individuals each year, however, the precise mechanism by which it induces unconsciousness remains unclear. While some theories suggest that anesthesia shares similarities with natural sleep, targeting sleep-promoting areas and inhibiting arousal nuclei, recent research indicates a more complex process. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of corticothalamocortical circuits, which are involved in higher cognitive functions, in controlling arousal states and modulating transitions between different conscious states during anesthesia.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEffects of ketamine and propofol on muscarinic plateau potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal cells.
PLoS One
January 2025
Department of Molecular Medicine, Brain Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Section for Physiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Propofol and ketamine are widely used general anaesthetics, but have different effects on consciousness: propofol gives a deeply unconscious state, with little or no dream reports, whereas vivid dreams are often reported after ketamine anaesthesia. Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, while propofol is a γ-aminobutyric-acid (GABAA) receptor positive allosteric modulator, but these mechanisms do not fully explain how these drugs alter consciousness. Most previous in vitro studies of cellular mechanisms of anaesthetics have used brain slices or neurons in a nearly "comatose" state, because no "arousing" neuromodulators were added.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBeyond awareness: the binding of reflexive mechanisms with the conscious mind: a perspective from default space theory.
Front Hum Neurosci
December 2024
Charitable Medical Healthcare Foundation, Augusta, GA, United States.
How do reflexes operate so quickly with so much multimodal information on the environment? How might unconscious processes help reveal the nature of consciousness? The Default Space Theory of Consciousness (DST) offers a novel way to interpret these questions by describing how sensory inputs, cognitive functions, emotional states, and unconscious processes are integrated by a single unified internal representation. Recent developments in neuroimaging and electrophysiology, such as fMRI, EEG, and MEG, have improved our knowledge of the brain mechanisms that underpin the conscious mind and have highlighted the importance of neural oscillations and sensory integration in its formation. In this article, we put forth a perspective on an underresearched relationship of reflexes with the dynamic character of consciousness and suggest that future research should focus on the interplay of the unconscious processes of reflexes and correlates of the contents of consciousness to better understand its nature.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUnconscious will as a neurobehavioral mechanism against adversity.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev
December 2024
Department of Biopsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44801, Germany. Electronic address:
Incentive salience theory both explains the directional component of motivation (in terms of cue attraction or "wanting") and its energetic component, as a function of the strength of cue attraction. This theory characterizes cue- and reward-triggered approach behavior. But it does not tell us how behavior can show enhanced vigor under reward uncertainty, when cues are inconsistent or resources hidden.
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