This article describes how the drug type injected at the first injection event is related to characteristics of the initiate, risk behaviors at initiation, and future drug-using trajectories. A diverse sample (n=222) of young injection drug users (IDUs) were recruited from public settings in New York, New Orleans, and Los Angeles during 2004 and 2005. The sample was between 16 and 29 years old, and had injected ketamine at least once in the preceding two years. Interview data was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Young IDUs initiated with four primary drug types: heroin (48.6%), methamphetamine (20.3%), ketamine (17.1%), and cocaine (14%). Several variables evidenced statistically significant relationships with drug type: age at injection initiation, level of education, region of initiation, setting, mode of administration, patterns of self-injection, number of drugs ever injected, current housing status, and their hepatitis C virus (HCV) status. Qualitative analyses revealed that rationale for injection initiation and subjective experiences at first injection differed by drug type.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204261004000201 | DOI Listing |
BMJ Open
December 2024
Eyu-Ethiopia: Eye Health Research, Training & Service Centre, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Introduction: The WHO neglected tropical diseases (NTD) roadmap (2021-2030) proposed a shift in approach to addressing NTDs through accountability for impact, implementing integration across NTDs, mainstreaming in national health systems and ensuring country ownership. However, a major challenge has been the dearth of evidence on how to implement this shift in a resource-limited setting. The objective of this scoping review is to understand the extent and type of evidence on the mainstreaming or integration of programmes and/or interventions against NTDs into the national health system.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiochem Pharmacol
December 2024
Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu 30205, Taiwan. Electronic address:
Chondrosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that originates from cartilage cells. In clinical practice, surgical resection is the primary treatment for chondrosarcoma, but chemotherapy becomes essential for patients with metastasis or tumors in surgically inaccessible sites. However, drug resistance often leads to treatment failure.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Infect Chemother
December 2024
Japan Physicians Association, Tokyo, Japan; Ricerca Clinica Co., Fukuoka, Japan.
Introduction: To assess the susceptibility of epidemic influenza viruses to the four most used neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) during the 2023-24 influenza season in Japan, we measured the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC) of oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir, and laninamivir in virus isolates from the sample of 100 patients.
Methods: Viral isolation was done using specimens obtained before and after treatment, with the type/subtype determined by RT-PCR using type- and subtype-specific primers. IC values were determined by a neuraminidase inhibition assay using a fluorescent substrate.
Bioorg Chem
December 2024
Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China; Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China. Electronic address:
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumour among women. Approximately 70 % of patients are hormone receptor (HR)-positive and undergo endocrine therapy as the main form of treatment; however, the efficacy of this type of therapy is limited by some factors, such as drug resistance and complex tumour microenvironments. Using network pharmacology and molecular docking, this study examined how CDK4/6 inhibitors enhance the effects of immunotherapy for HR-positive breast cancer, focusing on their effects on the tumour microenvironment (TME) and immune cell activity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMeat Sci
December 2024
Laboratory of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; International Joint Research Lab (China and Greece) of Digital Transformation as an Enabler for Food Safety and Sustainability, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China. Electronic address:
Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen of global significance and is highly prevalent in pork. This study investigated the prevalence, contamination distribution, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in 3 pork processors in the Shandong Province of China. Samples were collected from 13 different sampling sources across the slaughter procedures (600 samples) as well as at retail outlets supplied by these processors (45 samples).
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