In this paper, the diffusion of solutes in natural clay from a concentrated solution consisting primarily of ammonium, sodium and chloride ions at a pH level of 8 was studied and was based on an existing 20-year-old landfill. Contaminant transport through clay liners was predicted using transport and reaction geochemical codes to help explain the experimental data. The model predicted the chloride anion diffusion and cation exchange processes for three different experiments: (1) small-scale interactions in compacted clay, (2) 1:1 European Union (EU) Directive demonstration experiments (0.5-m-thick clay barrier), and (3) analysis of a bore hole with core recovery drilled in an old landfill located above a similar type of clay as that studied in (1) and (2). Orders of magnitude between 10(-10) and 10(-9) m(2) s(-1) were used for the apparent diffusion coefficient to fit the chloride profiles at the different scales; however, at larger space and time scales, diffusion was retarded due to the presence of more consolidated, non-mechanically disturbed clay materials at large depths in a natural clay-rock emplacement.
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