Refractory wound is a severe complication that leads to limb amputation in diabetes, and is also a leading cause of hospitalizations in diabetic patients with limited treatment regimens. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Various factors contribute to delayed diabetic wound healing, such as growth factor, nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), microRNA, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), etc. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on the molecular mechanisms underlying impaired diabetic wound healing.
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