Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ stimulates 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in rat vascular smooth muscle cells.

Glucocorticoids are metabolized in vascular tissue by two types of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11HSD1, 11HSD2) and thus these enzymes are considered to be important factors that modulate the diverse and complex effects of glucocorticoids on cardiovascular function. The present study evaluated the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone on 11HSD1 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and compared the effect with that of corticosterone. Using primary cultures of VSMC derived from rat aorta, we showed that pioglitazone significantly increases 11HSD1 activity and mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner with EC(50) 243 nM and that this effect is not blocked by RU 486, an antagonist of the glucocorticoid receptor. In contrast, corticosterone had no effect on 11HSD1. Pioglitazone positively regulated transcription of two CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs), specifically C/EBPα a potent activator of 11HSD1 gene transcription in some cells types, and C/EBPζ, whereas C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ were not changed. In contrast, corticosterone stimulated the expression of C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ, but the levels of C/EBPα and C/EBPζ were not changed. In conclusion, activation of PPARγ in VSMC up-regulates vascular 11HSD1 and thus reactivates 11-oxo metabolites to biologically active glucocorticoids through a mechanism that seems to involve C/EBPα and C/EBPζ. Our data provide one of the possible explanations for PPARγ agonists' effects on the cardiovascular system.