The existence of onchocerciasis in Ethiopia has been known since 1939 as a result of investigation by Italians in south-western Ethiopia. In the last fifty years onchocerciasis has been spreading to previously non-endemic regions of Ethiopia. Although comprehensive epidemiological surveys are lacking, it is estimated that 7.3 million people or 17.4% of the population of Ethiopia is at risk from this disease. The principal vectors are S. damnosum complex and S. woodi ethiopiense. The clinical picture is mainly dermal and ocular manifestations are rare. In view of agricultural development projects and resettlement of millions of people from the highlands into endemic areas in southern and north-western parts of Ethiopia, further spread of onchocerciasis is expected. Experience gained in the control of the disease in west Africa by WHO and the introduction of effective mass chemotherapeutic agents as well as primary health care programmes and activities currently underway in Ethiopia indicate the feasibility of starting control programmes. A plea is therefore made to consider the control of onchocerciasis in Ethiopia urgently.
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