This Prospects presents the problems that must be solved by the vertebrate nervous system in the process of sensorimotor integration and motor control. The concepts of efference copy and inverse model are defined, and multiple biological mechanisms are described, including those that form the basis of integration, extrapolation, and comparison/cancellation operations. Open questions for future research include the biological basis of continuous and distributed versus modular control, and somatosensory-motor coordination.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00422-011-0419-9 | DOI Listing |
Inflamm Res
January 2025
Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China.
Background: One of the etiologic components of degenerative spinal illnesses is intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), and the accompanying lower back pain is progressively turning into a significant public health problem. Important pathologic characteristics of IVDD include inflammation and acidic microenvironment, albeit it is unclear how these factors contribute to the disease.
Purpose: To clarify the functions of inflammation and the acidic environment in IVDD, identify the critical connections facilitating glycolytic crosstalk and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) pyroptosis, and offer novel approaches to IVDD prevention and therapy.
Nat Chem Biol
January 2025
Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
RAF protein kinases are major RAS effectors that function by phosphorylating MEK. Although all three RAF isoforms share a conserved RAS binding domain and bind to GTP-loaded RAS, only ARAF uniquely enhances RAS activity. Here we uncovered the molecular basis of ARAF in regulating RAS activation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis
January 2025
Center for Mathematical Modeling and Data Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan. Electronic address:
Drug resistance often stems from drug-tolerant persister (DTP) cells in cancer. These cells arise from various lineages and exhibit complex dynamics. However, effectively targeting DTP cells remains challenging.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) defines a collection of congenital eye disorders that affect structures within the anterior segment of the eye. Mutations in genes that initiate and regulate the complex pathways involved in eye development can cause a spectrum of disorders such as ASD, congenital cataracts and corneal opacity. In South Africa, causes of ASD are poorly understood with few studies looking at the possible genetic basis for these disorders.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Hazard Mater
January 2025
College of Environment and Resources, College of Carbon Neutral, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
p-Phenylenediamines (PPDs) are widely used as antioxidants in numerous rubber products to prevent or delay oxidation and corrosion. However, their derived quinones (PPD-Qs), generated through reactions with ozone, are ubiquitous in the environment and raise significant health and toxicity concerns. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on environmental distribution and fate, human exposure, and biological toxicity of PPDs and PPD-Qs, and makes recommendations for future research directions.
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