HBV reactivation in patients with haematological malignancies undergoing chemoimmunotherapy is a serious and frequent complication. This is linked to either the high frequency of inactive HbsAg carriers and occult B infection among oncohaematological patients or the profound immunosuppression caused by high dose chemotherapy, monoclonal antibody therapy or auto- and allo-haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantations. Identifying the patients at risk is mandatory in this clinical setting and prophylaxis with antiviral drugs or close monitoring may reduce and/or eliminate the HBV reactivation risk and the serious consequences. In general, preemptive anti-HBV therapy is more effective than treatment at reactivation. Prompt lamivudine prophylaxis should be given to HBsAg positive patients (inactive carriers) undergoing chemotherapy-immunochemotherapy and continued after cessation of immunosuppression even though long-term lamivudine therapy involves a risk of developing drug resistance. Use of newer anti-HBV agents may be considered. HBV reactivation has also been observed in occult B infection (HBcAb positive) and the optimal management of this group of patients requires special attention.
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