Statistical modeling and recognition of surgical workflow.

In this paper, we contribute to the development of context-aware operating rooms by introducing a novel approach to modeling and monitoring the workflow of surgical interventions. We first propose a new representation of interventions in terms of multidimensional time-series formed by synchronized signals acquired over time. We then introduce methods based on Dynamic Time Warping and Hidden Markov Models to analyze and process this data. This results in workflow models combining low-level signals with high-level information such as predefined phases, which can be used to detect actions and trigger an event. Two methods are presented to train these models, using either fully or partially labeled training surgeries. Results are given based on tool usage recordings from sixteen laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by several surgeons.