The evolving clinical scenario of myelodysplastic syndrome: the need for a complete and up to date upfront diagnostic assessment.

Until the beginning of the current millennium, few concrete therapeutic possibilities were available for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. This situation has dramatically changed in the last decade when new knowledge, new drugs and new opportunities have become available for physicians and their MDS patients. A correct diagnostic and prognostic assessment of all MDS patients wherever they are first seen in a hematology or internal medicine department is mandatory to identify the best therapeutic option and the most appropriate resources allocation. This article will review modern diagnostic criteria and classification together with correlated new therapeutic opportunities.