Purpose: To correlate echogenicity and severity of atherosclerotic carotid artery lesions at standard ultrasonography (US) with the degree of intraplaque neovascularization at contrast material-enhanced (CE) US.
Materials And Methods: This HIPAA-compliant study was approved by the local ethics committee, and all patients provided informed consent. A total of 175 patients (113 [65%] men, 62 [35%] women; mean age, 67 years ± 10 [standard deviation]) underwent standard and CE US of the carotid artery. Lesion echogenicity (class I to IV), degree of stenosis, and maximal lesion thickness were evaluated for each documented atherosclerotic lesion. The degree of intraplaque neovascularization at CE US was categorized as absent (grade 1), moderate (grade 2), or extensive (grade 3). Correlation of neovascularization with echogenicity, degree of stenosis, and maximal lesion thickness was made by using Spearman ρ and χ(2) test for trend.
Results: In a total of 293 atherosclerotic lesions, echogenicity was inversely correlated with grade of intraplaque neovascularization (ρ = -0.199, P < .001). More echolucent lesions had a higher degree of neovascularization compared with more echogenic ones (P < .001). The degree of stenosis was significantly correlated with grade of intraplaque neovascularization (ρ = 0.157, P = .003). Lesions with higher degree of stenosis had higher grade of neovascularization (P = .008), and maximal lesion thickness increased with the grade of neovascularization (P < .001) and was significantly correlated with grade of neovascularization (ρ = 0.233, P < .001).
Conclusion: Neovascularization visualized with CE US correlates with lesion severity and with morphologic features of plaque instability, contributing to the concept that more vulnerable plaques are more likely to have a greater degree of neovascularization. Therefore, CE US may be a valuable tool for further risk stratification of echolucent atherosclerotic lesions and carotid artery stenosis of different degrees.
Supplemental Material: http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.10101008/-/DC1.
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Article Synopsis
- A study explored the link between cardiovascular risk factors and intraplaque neovascularization, which indicates plaque vulnerability in symptomatic patients using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS).
- Out of 157 evaluated patients, those with diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and smokers were more likely to show intraplaque neovascularization, with diabetes having the strongest association.
- The findings highlight that patients with higher glucose levels and fewer statin treatments are significant indicators for increased intraplaque neovascularization, suggesting a complex relationship between glucose control and vascular health.
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