Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Proteolytic enzymes play a complex role in tumour growth and invasion. To explore the impact of tumour stroma on invasiveness and expression of proteolytic enzymes, we used a xenograft mouse model where tumours in tongue and skin were established from various human cancer cell lines. Gelatinolytic activity in the tumours was investigated by a novel in situ zymography technique which enables high image resolution. In vivo and in vitro expression of various proteolytic enzymes were analysed at transcriptional and protein level using RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry and SDS-PAGE substrate zymography. At the mRNA level all cell lines were found to express MMP-2, -7, -14, uPA and uPAR. In addition, two out of three cell lines expressed MMP-9. Histological analyses revealed that tongue tumours had an invasive growth pattern, associated with reduced E-cadherin expression. In contrast, the skin tumours established from the same cell lines were non-invasive. Tongue tumours of all cell lines showed strong gelatinolytic activity especially at the invasive front, which was not seen in the non-invasive skin tumours. Our results show a close relationship between tumour invasiveness and gelatinolytic activity at the tumour front. Furthermore, in our model, both invasiveness and activity of tumour-associated proteolytic enzymes were more dependent on the tumour microenvironment than on inherent properties of the cancer cells.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.09.006 | DOI Listing |
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