There is evidence that many pathogens co-evolve with their hosts. This is often reflected in species specific virulence factors that can selectively interfere with host defense mechanisms, innate and acquired as well as a range of interactions with host homeostatic pathways that contribute to the course and severity of an infection. In this review, we highlight a number of select examples of these interactions and suggest that understanding of molecular pathogenesis requires a broad systems approach that can evaluate the multiple and dynamics interactions that are occurring during infection.
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