Medicare Part D was implemented 4 years ago. Despite the fact that public-use Part D data were unavailable until late 2008, researchers have used alternate data to examine the effect of Part D on drug use and out-of-pocket costs. In a systematic review of Medline from 2006 to October 2009, the literature about drug use and costs after implementation and during the transition period and coverage gap was summarized. Studies presenting original results regarding drug use and costs after Part D implementation were included. Case reports and series and simulation studies were excluded. Of 552 originally identified articles, 26 met selection criteria: 13 regarding the overall effect of Part D in the year(s) after implementation, seven describing the Part D transition period, and six concerning the coverage gap. Part D implementation was associated with a 6% to 13% increase in drug use and a 13% to 18% decrease in patient costs. The transition period was associated with no significant changes in use or costs for elderly dual-eligible beneficiaries, but effects in other populations were mixed. Entry into the coverage gap was associated with a 9% to 16% decrease in drug use and increases in costs of up to 89%. In summary, studies examining disparate data regarding the implementation of Part D found consistent positive effects on drug use and costs but revealed unfavorable trends in the coverage gap. The effect of the Part D transition period remains unclear. Although public-use data will validate these results, policymakers can use the existing evidence to inform changes and enhancements to Part D immediately.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03025.x | DOI Listing |
mSystems
December 2024
Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Styria, Austria.
Unlabelled: Recent research provides new insights into the early establishment of the infant gut microbiome, emphasizing the influence of breastfeeding on the development of gastrointestinal microbiomes. In our study, we longitudinally examined the taxonomic and functional dynamics of the oral and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiomes of healthy infants ( = 30) in their first year, focusing on the often-over-looked aspects, the development of archaeal and anaerobic microbiomes. Breastfed (BF) infants exhibit a more defined transitional phase in their oral microbiome compared to non-breastfed (NBF) infants, marked by a decrease in and the emergence of anaerobic genera such as .
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProc Hum Factors Ergon Soc Annu Meet
September 2024
University of Waterloo, ON, Canada.
The transition period from automation to manual, known as the takeover process, presents challenges for drivers due to the deficiency in collecting requisite contextual information. The current study collected drivers' eye movement in a simulated takeover experiment, and their Situation Awareness (SA) was assessed using the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) method. The drivers' Stationary Gaze Entropy (SGE) was calculated based on the percentages of time they spent on six pre-defined Areas of Interests (AOIs).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPeerJ
December 2024
Departmant of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) awareness scale and examine whether having a DOHaD education module may affect dietary behavior in college students.
Background: Some studies conducted within the scope of the DOHaD hypothesis show associations between early-life environmental factors, especially maternal health and nutritional status, with the next generation's health and disease status. Despite the increase in elucidating of the underpinning mechanisms of early life determinants and chronic disease risk, there is limited knowledge on how public perceive and understand DOHaD concepts.
Cureus
November 2024
Interventional Cardiology Department, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, PAK.
Background: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is crucial in managing acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), emphasizing the importance of optimal myocardial reperfusion.
Objective: The goal of this research was to determine how loading doses of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin affected the flow rate of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) immediately post-perfusion thrombolysis in patients undergoing primary PCI.
Methodology: This prospective, comparative study was carried out over a one-year period (January 2023 to December 2023) in Pakistan.
Health Care Transit
February 2024
Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
Background: The transition from pediatric to adult care is a period associated with adverse health outcomes (e.g., health care dropout, health deterioration and poor adherence to management) for adolescents and young adults (AYA) with chronic conditions and their caregivers.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!