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Alkaloids and Nitrosamines in Betel Quid: A Biochemical Exploration of Carcinogenicity.
Chem Biol Interact
January 2025
Department of Community Dental Health, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
Betel quid contains two major ingredients; Areca catechu and Piper betel, often consumed with slaked lime, tobacco, certain flavouring agents, colouring agents, herbs, and spices according to personal preferences. The areca nut alkaloids (arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine, and guvacoline), and tobacco alkaloids (nicotine, nor-nicotine) undergo nitrosation during chewing in the oral cavity with the presence of nitrite and thiocyanate and endogenously. Among the nitrosation products generated areca nut-derived nitrosamine (ADNA): 3-(methylnitrosamino) Propionitrile (MNPN) and the two tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs); N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone) (NNK) are considered Group 1 human carcinogens.
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J Hazard Mater
December 2024
School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China. Electronic address:
Chronic exposure to environmental carcinogens is a major cause of tumorigenesis. A potent tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), exhibits high carcinogenicity to induce lung cancer. However, the function and mechanism of circular RNA (circRNA) in chemical carcinogenesis, especially the regulation of circRNA formation upon exposure to environmental chemicals, remain unclear.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPotential health risk of human exposure to tobacco-specific nitrosamines in second-hand and third-hand smoke.
J Hazard Mater
December 2024
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters (Ministry of Education), School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), which includes second-hand (SHS) and third-hand smoke (THS), poses significant health risks, particularly for non-smokers and children who have higher exposure levels.
- The study analyzed tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) from SHS and THS in a controlled room, finding differences in their concentration and distribution due to various factors like air exchange and particle deposition.
- The research highlighted that even limited exposure to THS leads to a concerning lifetime cancer risk, indicating the need for stronger smoke-free policies to mitigate health risks from ETS.
Inhibition of Benzo[a]pyrene-induced DNA Adduct in Buccal Cells of Smokers by Black Raspberry Lozenges.
Carcinogenesis
October 2024
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.
Article Synopsis
- Researchers previously found that benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a carcinogen in tobacco smoke, caused significantly more DNA damage in smokers' buccal cells compared to non-smokers, indicating a link to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
- A Phase 0 clinical study involving 27 smokers tested the effects of black raspberry (BRB) lozenges on reducing B[a]P-induced DNA damage over an 8-week period.
- Results showed a significant reduction in DNA damage at various points during and after BRB administration, suggesting its potential as a chemopreventive agent against tobacco-related OSCC.
Variability in addictive and carcinogenic potential of smokeless tobacco products marketed in Mumbai, India: a surveillance study.
Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia
October 2024
Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, 2231 Sixth Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Background: India has the highest incidence worldwide of smokeless tobacco (SLT)-associated oral cancer, accounting for nearly 70% of all SLT users globally. Nicotine and tobacco-specific -nitrosamines (TSNA) play critical roles in the addictive and carcinogenic potential, respectively, of SLT products. Our group has previously reported substantial variability in nicotine and TSNA levels across a small SLT product sample in India, calling for systematic surveillance.
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