Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is a reliable method to determine and monitor microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in different cells, tissues, and organisms. Although there are several different strategies for performing qRT-PCR to determine miRNA expression, all of them have two steps in common: reverse transcription for obtaining cDNA from mature miRNA sequence and standard real-time PCR for amplification of cDNA. This chapter demonstrates the application of TaqMan-based real-time PCR for determining miRNA expression profiles during mouse embryonic stem-cell differentiation. In this method, a mature miRNA sequence is first reverse transcribed into a long cDNA with a 40- to 50-nt miRNA-specific stem-loop primer; then, a standard real-time PCR reaction is performed for determining miRNA expression using a forward miRNA-specific primer, a universal reverse primer, and FAM dye-labeled TaqMan probes.
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