There are more than 400,000 patients with pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators in Japan, and more patients undergoing surgery will have an implanted cardiac device. In these patients, preoperative evaluation of the indication for the implant, such as arrhythmias and ischemic heart disease, should be performed based on guideline. It is also important to determine whether a patient is pacemaker dependent, the type of device, and the programmed settings. In addition, many potential adverse interactions between electrical/magnetic activity and cardiac device function that may occur during the operative period should be assessed before surgery.
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