Facile microemulsion route to coat carbonized glucose on upconversion nanocrystals as high luminescence and biocompatible cell-imaging probes.

Surface modification of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals is crucial to make them useful for various biological applications. Unfortunately, the current methods available to achieve a desirable surface exhibiting both high luminescence and good biocompatibility are limited. In this work, we present a facile microemulsion route to coat carbonized glucose on hydrophobic NaYF(4) nanocrystals. Owing to the particular structure of the carbonized shell, glucose coating on these UCNs is not only able to preserve strong fluorescence from the core nanocrystals, but it also confers good water solubility and bears various functional groups for conjugating to biomolecules. Compared to 10 nm silica-coated UCNs, these glucose-coated nanocrystals possess better cell biocompatibility, and can be rapidly internalized into cells. Such unique features of glucose-coated UCNs may find promising applications in imaging, diagnosis and therapeutic purposes. Besides, this facile surface-modification route has the potential to be extended to a broad range of other hydrophobic nanocrystals.