Kinetic studies on the adsorption of phenol, 4-chlorophenol, and 2,4-dichlorophenol from water using activated carbons.

This study uses rate parameters in pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) equations (k(1) and k(2)q(e), respectively) to judge the extent for approaching equilibrium in an adsorption process. Out of fifty-six systems collected from the literature, the adsorption processes with a k(2)q(e) value between 0.1 and 0.8 min(-1) account for as much as 70% of the total. These are classified as fast processes. This work compares the validity of PFO and PSO equations for the adsorption of phenol, 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) on activated carbons prepared from pistachio shells at different NaOH/char ratios. The activated carbons, recognized as microporous materials, had a surface area ranging from 939 to 1936 m(2)/g. Findings show that the adsorption of phenol, 4-CP, and 2,4-DCP on activated carbons had a k(2)q(e) value of 0.15-0.58 min(-1), reflecting the fast process. Evaluating the operating time by rate parameters revealed that k(2)q(e) was 1.6-1.8 times larger than k(1). These findings demonstrate the significance of using an appropriate kinetic equation for adsorption process design.