Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Published: July 2010
AI Article Synopsis
Article Abstract
Study Objectives: Evaluation of modafinil effects on the inhibitory avoidance task (IA).
Design: Rats were trained on a multiple trial IA task after receiving modafinil or vehicle injections. In experiment 1 they were trained with a weak protocol under baseline condition and in experiment 2, with a stronger protocol under sleep-deprivation condition.
Results: In experiment 1 modafinil improved rats' acquisition whereas the retention test remained unaffected. In Experiment 2 modafinil did not interfere with training performance, but the lower dose prevented the retention impairment in sleep-deprived animals.
Conclusions: Modafinil is able to improve acquisition in normal rats and reverse the long-term memory impairment induced by sleep-deprivation.
G protein-coupled receptor 139 (GPR139), a highly conserved orphan receptor, is predominantly expressed in the habenula of vertebrate species. Habenula is an ancient epithalamic structure, which is critical to comprehending adaptive behaviors in vertebrates. We have previously demonstrated the role of GPR139 agonists in fear-associated decision-making processes in zebrafish.
Objective: To construct polydopamine (PDA)-based nanoparticles (NPs) for combined chemotherapy (CT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) of thyroid tumors by conjugating doxorubicin (DOX) via Schiff base reaction and decorating with RGD peptide.
Methods: PDA NPs were synthesized using dopamine hydrochloride (DA) as the raw material and reacted with DOX-PEG-NH to obtain PDA-DOX NPs. Subsequently, RGD peptide was coupled with PDA-DOX NPs for modification.
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated gene therapy has emerged as a promising alternative to liver transplantation for monogenic metabolic hepatic diseases. AAVs are non-integrative vectors that are maintained primarily as episomes in quiescent cells like adult hepatocytes. This quality, while advantageous from a safety perspective due to a decreased risk of insertional mutagenesis, becomes a disadvantage when treating dividing cells, as it inevitably leads to the loss of the therapeutic genome.
In humans, psychological loss, whether social or nonsocial, can lead to clinical depression, anxiety disorders, and social memory impairments. Researchers have modeled combined social and nonsocial loss in rodents by transitioning them from social, enriched environments (EE) to individual housing, affecting behaviors related to avoidance, stress coping, and cognitive function. However, it remains unclear if these effects are driven by social or nonsocial loss.
The concept of treating diabetes with gut hormones was proposed in the early days of endocrinology (1902), but was not put into practice until the early 2000s. The discovery of the incretin effect (potentiation of insulin secretion when glucose is taken orally compared to intravenously) led to the discovery of the two main gut hormones responsible for this effect: GIP and GLP-1. The reduction of the incretin effect is directly involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, which has led to the development of a series of innovative therapies such as GLP-1 analogues, GLP-1 receptor agonists, GIP/GLP-1 co-agonists and GIP/GLP-1/glucagon tri-agonists.
