There has been a tremendous increase in the number of female runners of all ages and abilities in the past 35 years. Women who participate in running and sports are generally healthier and have higher self-esteem. However, unique medical and orthopedic issues exist for the female runner. This article reviews the history of women in sports, physiologic and biomechanic differences between genders, the pregnant runner, knee osteoarthritis, an update on the female athlete triad and the relationship between amenorrhea and endothelial dysfunction associated with athletics.
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Middle-age and older runners demonstrate differences in running biomechanics compared with younger runners. Female runners demonstrate differences in running biomechanics compared with males, and females experience hormonal changes during menopause that may also affect age-related changes in running biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between age and running biomechanics in healthy female recreational runners.
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Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801, Israel.
We recently have shown that the gut microbiota composition in female and male runners positively correlates with sports, and female runners show similar gut microbiome diversity to male runners. However, gut microbiota composition has not yet been fully investigated in other endurance athletes, such as cyclists. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the gut microbiome profiles in competitive, non-professional female and male cyclists compared to what we have shown in runners.
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