After systemic treatment with retinoic acid (RA), Ambystoma opacum and A. punctatum larvae regenerated forelimbs with a wide variety of skeletal and gross anatomical abnormalities. Yet the musculatures within the RA-treated limb regenerates were normal even in instances where the cartilages were deformed beyond recognition as components of the limb skeleton. RA is known to induce reduplication of limb structures, sometimes entire segments. When the latter condition occurred in the present study, the corresponding replicates exhibited limb musculatures which were perfect down to minute details, yet of opposite bilateral symmetry. The results attest, firstly, to the independence of myogenesis and chondrogenesis during limb regeneration. Secondly, RA treatment unmasked an otherwise hidden potential within postembryonic salamander limb tissue for the morphogenesis of the contralateral musculature.
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